6. Removal by Dredging and Excavation

Table 6-2. Mechanical dredging case studies

Site	Contaminants/Targets	Site Description	Sediment Handling	Results
Brookhaven, Peconic River, NY, 2005	Hg, Ag, Cu, PCB SWAC for Hg Target Volume-1,134 tons; Tons Removed-1,134	Freshwater; 0-30 ft water depth excavation; silt curtain for resuspensionA renewed suspension of insoluble particles after they have been precipitated.; clean sediment backfill for dredged area and marsh restoration	Drying pad dewatering; wet cells for decanting; contaminated sediments landfilled	Cleanup levels met LTM, MNR in place
Kokomo Creek, Wildcat Creek Continental Steel, IN, 2007, OU 3	PCB, PAH, Ar, Be SWAC Target volume removed: 16,000 yd³ Total weight removed: 22,467.12 tons	Freshwater; 1-4 ft water depth; 2 miles, sediment thickness 0.4-2.17 ft; combined excavation, hydraulic dredgingDredging by use of a large suction pipe mounted on a hull and supported and moved about by a boom, a mechanical agitator, or cutter head which churns up earth in front of the pipe, and centrifugal pumps mounted on a dredge which suck up water and loose solids.	Dewatered; drying pads, sand and activated charcoal filtering; landfilled; CAMUcorrective action management unit; PCB and VOC disposed off site at permitted facility	Cleanup levels met MNR in place
Eagle Harbor, Wycoff, WA, 1997	Creosote, PCP, PAH, Hg, Pb, Cu, Zn Target volume Hg 1,500-1,900 yd³	Marine; 15-45 ft water depth; sheet piling; Sediment thickness 0.7 yd depth	Dewatered; hotspot CDF disposal; large material landfilled; clean sediment backfill; cappingTechnology which covers contaminated sediment with material to isolate the contaminants from the surrounding environment.	Goals met; capping exceeded cleanup standards; LTM/MNR PAH intertidal area
Dupont, Gill Creek, 1992	VOC, Hg, PCBs Target volume: Area 1 3400 yd³, Area 2 160 yd³, Area 3 40 yd³ Actual Volume 8,020 yd³	Freshwater ; 250 ft section of Gill Creek near Niagara River; sites OU 3 – OU 5	Dewatered with sand bags and cofferdams; stabilized with fly ash and kiln dust then disposed of in TSCAToxic Substance Control Act/RCRAResource Conservation and Recovery Act landfills 230 yd³incinerated	Concentrations lowered by dredging; no capping needed; planned 5 yr monitoring of sediments and water
Formosa Plastics, TX, 1992	Ethylene dichloride Target volume 330 yd³ Actual volume 7,500 yd³	Marine, 25-30 ft water depth; silt curtain	Cofferdam dewatering; partially dewatered sediments mixed with cement and barged to offload and disposed at a RCRA-compliant landfill	Goals met; hydraulic dredging did not work; used barged mechanical dredging instead
Town Branch Creek, KY, 2000	PCB Target Volume 290,000 yd³ Actual Removed 239,000 yd³	Freshwater; dams with bypass pumping	Contaminated sediments sent to TSCA facility, non-TSCA sediments sent to local SW landfill	Goals met temporarily due to a NAPL source; NAPL recovery system installed
Fox River, Green Bay WI OU 2-OU 5 OU 2,OU 3 – 2013 OU 4,OU 5 – 2017	PCBs, Dioxin, Furan, DDT, Ar, Pb, Hg Target volume – combined 3.5 million yd³	Freshwater; 6-20 ft depth sites contain 12 dams and 17 locks; contaminated sediment depths: 2- 40 inches; contaminated sediment area 33 miles long and 1,600 square miles	The type, extent of dredging and disposal information to be determined	Work in progress; mechanical dredging to be used on OU 2 20-mile stretch and MNR for 1,600 square miles of Green Bay; potential capping for damaged riverbanks and sand cover
Hooker, NY, 1998	VOC, Hg Target volume 19,600 yd³ Actual Volume 28,500 yd³	Freshwater, 0-2 ft; 2.5 acres in river embayment; berm construction to contain resuspension; on-site landfill	Cofferdam and sumps to control water infiltration; no capping for river but capped on land; sediments placed into on-site landfill, on-site landfill in river embayment	No capping needed in water, but was used on landfill
Housatonic River, MA, 2002	PCBs, NAPL Target Volume (hotspot) 2,800 yd³ Half mile 18,138 yd³	Freshwater, 0-8 ft; contaminated sediment area 0.5 miles; sheet piling, dewatered for excavation; no silt curtains; dry excavation	Cofferdams, sumps; contaminated sediments placed in on-site facility	Periodic NAPL release slowed project. Isolation capA covering over material (contaminated sediment) used to isolate the contaminants from the surrounding environment. installed on area not dredged; dredged areas backfilled and seeded/replanted
Messer Street Manufactured Gas Plant, Laconia, NH, 2001	PAHs, VOCs, TPH	Freshwater, 5 ft water depth; 3 acres, dredge depth 2-5 ft, Dry and wet excavation, silt curtains, Sheet pile barrier, mechanical cable arm clamshell and hydraulic bucket used; backfilled with mostly gravel materials	Sheet pile barrier for dry excavation; dewatered; sediment disposal by thermal desorption facility and RCRA-compliant landfill	Clam bucket difficulty with sandy sediments; pre- and postdredging concentrations significantly different; successful cleanup
Money Point, VA, 2009-present	PAH, PCP, dioxins, Ar, Cr, Cu, Pb, Zn Target volume 80,800 yd³	Marine; 1.7 acres wetlands/forested shoreline; sediment thickness up to 6 ft; earth-moving equipment and clamshell/bucket dredge used; silt curtains, absorbency booms, crane/barge used; dredged areas to be backfilled with clean sand and topsoil	To be shipped by barge to be land transported to landfill for thermal treatment. Some sediments to be disposed on site	Work in progress. Petroleum sheen from disturbed sediments; Mummichogs to be sampled 1-2 years for cancer until background levels are reached
Natural Gas Compressor Station, MS, 1997	PCBs Target volume 51,432 yd³stream sediment, 8,290 yd³floodplain soils Actual volume removed 23,883 yd³	Creek bed/flood plains 2 miles, sediment depths 8-10 ft, 15-25 ft wide Excavation with creek flow pumping Backfill with seeding and mulch.	No dewatering; some sediments mixed with lime and fly ash to make them suitable for land transport	Goals met
NS McAllister Point Landfill, OU 4, Rhode Island, 1996	PCBs, PAHs, anthracene, fluorine, pyrene, metals, Cu, Ni, debris Target volume 34,000 yd³ Actual volume removed 2,700 m²	Marine, 3 ft MLW; landfill revetment; 47 acres adjacent to landfill; mechanical clamshell, silt curtains	Decontamination and recycling of dredged rocks; other dredged material sent off site for recycling or disposal; remaining dredge disposed of at landfill or other site	Goals met. Upland revetment regraded, capped, and re-vegetated
Ottawa River, Canada, 1998	PCBs Target volume 6,500 yd³ Actual volume removed 6,800 yd³ tributary sediment; 1,653 yd³ wetlands soil	Water depth 0-40 ft; tributary and adjacent wetlands; tributary 975 ft x 9 ft wide; conventional earth moving equipment; steel sheeting installed at tributary mouth to hydraulically isolate tributary from river; water pumped, treated on site; backfilled with clean fill	Excavated material transported to dewatering pad, fed into pug mill; 14,975 tons of dewatered sediments disposed as TSCA waste; wetlands soils disposed as nonhazardous waste RFD and mixed with stabilizer or stabilizing agent and sent to landfill	PCB levels reduced
Queensbury NMPC OU 1, 1996	PCB Target volume 5,000 yd³ Actual volume removed 6,800 yd³	Hudson River shoreline; 0.3 acres; water level lowered to expose riverbank and shoreline using local dam; silt fence, Jersey barriers wrapped in geotextile installed on upper inland boundary; backfilled with topsoil and rip-rap; upland seeded and revegetated.	Dewatering pads used for one week; contaminated sediments transported to off-site landfill.	PCB levels reduced.
Reynolds, NY, 2004	PCBs, PAHs, TDBF Target volume – none specified Actual volume removed 85,655 yd³	Freshwater; near shore area with outfall area; 21.8 acres dredged; dredging with cable arm buckets, derrick barge with fixed-boom mounted crane with GPS system; sheet pile system with herbicide application within system; silt curtains for select area; golf course water required for some areas	Low concentration sediments stabilized with cement and disposed of in facility landfill. High concentration sediments shipped and disposed of in hazardous waste facility	Some areas did not meet PCB cleanup goal. One failed area was backfilled to reach cleanup goal; some PAH cells were below cleanup goal and were not capped; low molecular weight PAHs would further break down to achieve goals
Hudson River, NY, 2009-present	PCBs SWAC Target volume 2.4M yd³ Actual volume removed 660 K yd³ (as of 2011)	Freshwater; 0-25 ft water depth; 43-mile stretch of river. Mechanical dredge with environmental bucket, silt curtains, cofferdams, dewatering system; 150,000 tons of backfill and caps	Contaminated sediment shipped to multiple off-site facilities; spoils sites covered with low-permeability1) Characteristic of a material or membrane that allows liquids or gases to pass through it; 2) The rate of flow of a liquid or gas through a porous material. soil caps	Dredging still ongoing
Starkweather Creek, WI, 1993	Hg, Pb, Cr, Oil, Grease Target volume 17,000 yd³ Actual removed 15,000 yd³	1.5-2 ft, sediment thickness 4-7 ft, area 1 mile x 50 ft; dredge depth up to 7 ft; wet excavation with backhoe; goal to increase depth from 4-7 ft Double silt curtains	Transported sediment to retention and dewatering facility off site and later disposed of	Goals met; no capping or backfilling required; no MNR
Ketchikan Pulp, AK, 2001	NH³, sulfide, 4-methylphenol Target volume 20,550 yd³ Actual removed volume 11,865 yd³	Marine; 15-20 ft water depth; 80 acres within 250 acre cove; sediment thickness 3-10 ft; mechanical clamshell; 23,000 yd³ within 30 acres backfilled/capped with sand	Contaminated sediments disposed of on site	Not specified but intended for protection of benthos
Sullivan’s Ledge, MA, 2001	PCBs, PAHs Target volume-unspecified Actual volume removed 35,000 yd³in OU 2, OU 3. RG remove contaminated sediment	Brackish Marsh, no depth info; 80% debris content; OU 1 12 acres disposal area, stream and golf course water hazards. OU 2 7 acres wetlands in 25/100 yr floodplain; backhoes and long reach excavators; silt fencing, air monitoring	Removed sediments trucked to on-site treatment pad for stabilization. Contaminated material capped on site	Goals not met. Cleanup criterion determined to be unrealistic after sampling results
Ten Mile/Lange/Revere Canal, MI, 2003	Heavy metals, VOCs, SVOCs, PCBs Target volume unspecified; actual quantity removed 23,230 tons	Freshwater, 12-18 ft water depth; TMD system, catch basins, sanitary sewers, marina, sheet piles, silt curtains, dewatering systems	Contaminated sediments stabilized by bentonite-polymer mixture, off-site disposal to Wayne, MI, and Lenox, MI, disposal sites; canal soils sent to USACE site in Point Mouillee, MI	Goals met No capping, backfill required, Limited dredging in marina slips
Tennessee Product, TN, 1998	PAHs Target volume 5,000 yd³ Actual volume removed 23,300 yd³	Freshwater, 0-4 ft water depth; 2.5 miles x 50-75 ft width of Chattanooga Creek; floodplain disposal pit and coal tar area; earthen dams, pumping, long stick excavator used; NAPL capped site	Sediments mixed with drying agent, trucked to off-site disposal facilities, cement kiln in SC and TN, boiler in GA	No capping, backfilling required except for the NAPL site capped with Aquablok which is still being monitored
Terry Creek, GA , 2000	Toxaphene Mass removal of toxaphene Target volume 26,000 yd³ Actual volume removed 35,148 yd³	Freshwater; 900 ft outfall ditch, 2.2 acres of creek and confluent areas; environmental clamshell bucket, sheet piling	Sediments retained in drain beds for 6 months; dried sediments sent off site	Goals met with post removal concentrations

Table 6-3. Mechanical dredging case studies

Site	Contaminants/Targets	Site Description	Sediment Handling	Results
Fox River/Green Bay, WI, 2002	PCBs, Hg, PAHs Target volume 92,000 yd³ Actual removed 81,816 yd³ SWAC	Project 1: Freshwater, 2-14 ft water depth; hydraulic auger dredging, followed by different dredging; silt curtains, sheet pilings; backfilled with sand	Dredged material to landfill; isolated in cell, monitored for leachate for life of landfill	Ineffective dredge replaced multiple times, different dredges used, 2 dredging passes, 1999-2000
Northern Deposit Fox River/Green Bay, WI, 1998	PCBs, Hg Target volume 12,000 yd³ Actual removed 8,200 yd³ RG mass removal, demonstration	Project 2: Freshwater, 0-8 ft water depth, contaminated sediment thickness 2-3 ft; Hydraulic cutterhead with swinging ladder; additional dredging at bedrock interface; perimeter barrier, silt curtain; turbidity meters; deflection barrier around industrial water intake	Sediments taken to county landfill; 1,632 tons to EQ landfill, 2,400 tons to disposal facility	Mixed results, PCB levels lowered in some areas, other areas post dredge levels higher that pre-dredge
Fox River Green Bay, WI, 2009	PCBs, Dioxin, Furan, DDT, heavy metals Target Volume 748,000 yd³ Actual removed 500,000 yd³ SWAC	OU 1: Freshwater, 6-20 ft; contaminated sediment area 39 miles, depth 1-6 ft; swinging ladder dredge used; silt curtains; sand cap	Non TSCA sediments transported to landfill	Goals met
DuPont, Gill Creek, 1992	VOCs, Hg, PCBs Target volume 40-3,400 yd³ in select areas; riverbank unknown Actual removed 120-6,500 yd³	Freshwater, 250 ft contaminated sediment area; hydraulic and mechanical dredging, and excavation; clay liner to prevent GW discharge; cofferdams, sandbags, dewatering systems used for excavation	Sediment stabilized with fly ash, transported to RCRA/TSCA landfill; hazardous sediments identified and incinerated	Goals met, lower levels, no backfilling required; 5-yr postremediation monitoring by sediment/water sampling
GM Massena St Lawrence River NY, 1995	PCBs Target volume 29,000 yd³ Actual removed 13,800 yd³	Freshwater, St Lawrence River, flow rate 2.9 fps, 11 acres, 2,500 ft long near shore area; bottom boulders recycled to shore reconstruction; silt curtains replaced later by sheet pile	Highly contaminated sediments transported by rail to Utah facility; remaining sediments to lined on-site landfill	Goals met in 5/6 cells; augmented with sand backfill
Gould, Inc. East Doane Lake, OR, 1998	Pb, dioxin Target volume 6,000 yd³ Actual removed 11,000 yd³	Freshwater, debris contaminated lake, contaminant area 3.1 acres, 2 ft sediment depth; 1-5 ft dredge depth; horizontal dredge used; rock backfill	Sediments disposed of in on-site RCRA containment cell and later into constructed on-site landfill	Goals met with lower contaminant levels
Grand Calumet, IN, 2003	PAHs, PCBs, metals, cyanide Target volume 750,000 yd³ Actual removed 788,000 yd³ RG remove non-native sediments and contaminants	Freshwater, 0-4 ft water depth, 5 mile contaminated area, dredge depth 0-20 ft; floating debris boom, oil boom, turbidity curtain maintained 2,000-3,000 ft downstream, sheet pile system, cofferdams	Cofferdams to contain dredging areas over specified level; sediment deposited in on-site CAMU	Initial goals met but contaminant levels increased later; additional dredging required
Grand Calumet, IN, 2007	PCBs Target volume 24,000 yd³ Actual volume 38,000 yd³	Freshwater, 0-4 ft water depth, 63,000 ft river stretch	Sediment disposed in on-site landfill	Goals met after second dredging event when contaminant levels were above cleanup level
Grasse River (hotspot), NY, 1995	PCBs Target volume 3,500 yd³ Actual removed 3,000 yd³ SWAC	Freshwater, 10-15 ft depth, one acre near shore sediments; hydraulic auger with diver assisted vacuum, floating oil booms, silt curtains	Dredged slurry separated and treated with lime then filtered, disposed of in TSCA/RCRA landfill	Dredging difficulty due to bottom debris; higher post dredging fish tissue contaminant levels that later returned to pre-dredging levels; sediment sampling indicated that contaminant levels were reduced from surface to all depths; most of projected mass removed
Grasse River, NY, 2005	PCBs Target volume 75,000 yd³ Actual removed 24,400 yd³	Freshwater, 10-15 ft water depth; hydraulic cutterhead dredge, silt curtains, dewatering, Geotube system	Treated water returned to river, dewatered sediments disposed of in on-site TSCA/RCRA landfill	Pilot study for different capping materials; rocky bottom impeded progress and had equipment failures, limited dredging; after backfilling, 95% lower levels
Gruber’s Grove Bay, WI, 2001	Hg, methyl Hg, Cu, Pb Target volume 87,000 yd³ Actual removed 88,300 yd³	Freshwater, 2-18 ft water depth, 1-7 ft contaminated sediment thickness, area 18.2 acres; silt curtains, Geotubes	Dredged sediments placed into Geotubes, buried with clean soil cap cover	Uncertain, project completed with final corrective action, contaminant levels exceeded discharge permit
New Bedford, MA OU 1, 2004-present	PCBs Target volume 17,000-433,000 yd³ Amendment with 867,000 yd^3.	Harbor, 6-50 ft water depth, silty sediments, 170-190 acres contaminated sediment area; salt marsh, residential, shipping channels; two hydraulic cutterhead dredges; silt curtains, 5 acre dewatering facility	Disposed of into 5 acre dewatering facility, 4 nearshore CDFs, slurry sent off site to TSCA facility by rail or truck	Silt curtains failed, replaced by BMPs, water quality measurements to ensure protective risk and continuation of ongoing dredging; PCB levels are lower
Petit Creek, Flume, NY, 1994	DNAPL Target volume 2,000 yd³	Freshwater, river sediment, 1-acre cove area; diver assisted suction hydraulic dredging of grid sections; silt curtains, sheet pile system, cofferdams	Majority of sediments processed, placed into super sacks, remaining sediments disposed of into landfill	Post dredging sediment sampling indicated lower levels
White Lake (OOC), MI, 2003	Cr, As, Hg, Tannery waste Target volume 76,000 yd³ Actual removed 85,000 yd³	Freshwater, 10-15 ft, 6.2 acres of bay; hydraulic cutterhead dredging, barge mounted excavator, silt curtains, dewatering system	Dewatering on barges and in Geotubes; sediments treated prior to disposal in off-site landfill; some dredged areas backfilled	Most tannery waste removed, post sampling residuals reduced
New Bedford, MA OU 2, 1995	PCBs, metals Target volume 10,000 yd³ Actual removed 14,000 yd³	5 acres contaminated sediment area; hydraulic cutterhead dredge modified with oil catching shroud; silt curtains	Dredged sediment were transported by pipeline to temporary CDF, dewatered and disposed of into off-site TSCA landfill	Goals met well below cleanup level
Outboard Marine Waukegan Harbor, IL, 1989	PCBs Target volume 10,900 - 35,700 yd³ Actual removed 6,300 – 32,000 yd³; SWAC	Freshwater harbor, 14-25 ft water depth, 10 acres of contaminated sediments; hydraulic cutterhead dredge; marina slip converted into on-site landfill; sheet pile system, silt curtains	Constructed on-site marina landfill sediments treated by thermal desorption; upper harbor sediments pumped directly into the marina landfill and water pumped out; the landfill was capped and vegetated	Goals met; silt curtains failure allowed suspended sediments to be treated with coagulant before silt curtain removal and upper harbor dredging completion; continued dredging in 2012, results unknown
Pegan Cove, MA OU 2 /Natick Labs / Army Natick Soldier Systems Center (NSSC), 2010	PCBs SWAC Target volume 2,510 yd³	Freshwater, 0-10 ft water depth, shoreline, 34 acres contaminated sediments, SW outfall, 4 hotspots; hydraulic cutterhead dredge, silt curtains, water monitoring, dewatering systems (geotextile bags, pipeline)	Sediments pumped into geotextile bags; slurry pumped into dewatering stations; geotextile bags cut open, sediment trucked to off-site facility	Goals met, SWAC met; NFA
Lavaca Bay, TX, 1999	Hg, PAH SWAC Target volume 184,000 yd³ Actual removed 79,500 yd³	Marine, bay, fringe marsh, 80,000 acre contaminated sediment area; hydraulic cutterhead dredge, silt curtain, turbidity monitoring, dewatering system	Contaminated sediment transported to off-site facility	Two phases were completed, one implemented as treatability study, second as full-scale remediationThe act or process of abating, cleaning up, containing, or removing a substance (usually hazardous or infectious) from an environment.; Hg levels elevated periodically; MNR to observe biota tissue level decreases
Pioneer Lake, OH, 1997	VOC, PAH, BTEX, Coal Tar Target volume 6,600 yd³ Actual volume removed: 6,600 yd³	Freshwater, gravel pit, lake sediment, sand, 0.5-3 ft sediment depth, 1 acre lake site, hydraulic cutterhead dredge, absorbent boom, silt curtains, settling basin	Phase 1: Nonhazardous sediments to landfill, nonhazardous sludge to city, Phase 2: coarse sediment to ECL, nonhazardous sludge to RDF, solidified sludge to treatment facility	Goals met, no capping needed

Table 6-4. Mechanical dredging case studies

Site	Dredging Method	Volume Dredged Material	Disposal Location	Material Treatment	Material Regulated?	Transfer Method	Comments
Formosa Plastics, TX	Excavation	7,500 yd³	Two off-site hazardous waste landfill; one 105 miles away, other 264 miles	Mixed with 10% cement to stabilize after partial dewatering	RCRA regulated	Truck	$1.4 million total cost, disposal rushed to meet deadlines, so two disposal facilities used and sediment stabilized with cement.
Lavaca Bay, TX	Hydraulic dredging	200,000 yd³	on-site CDF on existing Dredge Island	No treatment	No	Direct Transfer	$3 million total cost
Messer St. MGP, NH	Hydraulic dredging and excavation	13,000 yd³	2 hazardous waste disposal facilities. One 20 miles away, other 105 miles	Thermal desorption	Treatment allowed material to meet regulations of hazardous waste disposal facility	Truck	$13 million total cost; approximately $60/ton disposal cost, excess sediment treated at secondary landfill to save time
Fox River and Green Bay OU 1, WI	Swinging ladder hydraulic dredging	188,000 yd³	off-site landfill approximately 20 miles away	Dewatering	Non-TSCA PCB waste	Truck	$61.7 million total cost
Gruber’s Grove Bay, WI	Hydraulic dredging	88,000 yd³	on-site CDF buried with top-soil	Dewatering with Geotubes	Non-regulated	Piping	$7 million total cost
Ketchikan, AK	Mechanical dredging	11,865 yd³	Adjacent industrial landfill	Gravity dewatering, water allowed to drain into ground	Material tested, found suitable for disposal in industrial landfill	Not mentioned	$1.8 million total cost, approximately $0.4 million for disposal
Housatonic River, MA	Excavation within sheet pile cells	6,000 yd³ and 1,000 yd³	Off-site commercial landfill	Gravity dewatering in stockpile	TSCA permitted landfill	Not mentioned	$4.5 million for first 6,000 yd³
Bremerton Naval Complex, WA	Mechanical dredging	400,000 yd³	CAD	Not needed	Testing after burial showed no contamination in water	Barge transfer, clamshell bucket for controlled placement	5 ft cap placed on CAD
Baird and McGuire, MA	Mechanical dredging	4,700 yd³	On-site disposal	Incineration	No	Truck transfer to incinerator	Incinerated material returned to point of removal. Incinerator used for 210,000 tons of soil on site
Ashtabula River, OH	Hydraulic dredging	550,000 yd³	Off-site CDF 3 miles away	Dewatering	CDF for the non-TSCA waste	3-mile pipeline	$50 million total cost
Marathon Battery, NY	Hydraulic and mechanical dredging as well as excavation	100,000 yd³	Off-site landfill in Michigan	Dewatering and stabilization	Stabilization allowed disposal to commercial sanitary landfill	Rail car	77,000 yd³ dredged, 23,000 yd³ excavated
United Heckathorn, CA	Mechanical dredging	108,000 yd³	Two off-site landfills; one 871 miles away in AZ, the other 860 miles away in UT	Dewatering and stabilization	Stabilization allowed disposal to commercial solid waste landfill	Rail car	Cost for transport to landfill approximately $50 per ton
Reynolds, NY	Mechanical Dredging	85,600 yd³	Majority to on-site CDF, remainder to off-site disposal 325 miles away	Stabilization with Portland cement for CDF	TSCA regulated PCB waste to authorized hazardous waste facility	Truck	69,000 yd³ disposed on site, 16,600 yd³disposed off site

Publication Date: August 2014

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